Christopher WOOL

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PERIODICALS

2007

• “Christopher Wool Chinati Editions,” Chinati Foundation Newsletter
  “Christopher Wool: Eleven Images,” The Harvard Review. Issue 33. pp. 60-71.
  Moreno, Gean. “Issue-Oriented Art,” Art & Antiques, December 2007, p. 56.
  Schuker, Lauren A.E., “Painted into a Corner,” The Wall Street Journal, Weekend Journal, October 27-28, 2007, W1, W3.
  Saltz, Jerry. “The Artists Who Still Matter: Twenty living, working New Yorkers whose art changed art.” New York Magazine, October 7, 2007, pp. 40-41.
  Schwendener, Martha. “Merlin Carpenter: The Opening, Reena Spaulings”, The New York Times, October 5, 2007
  Kirschbaum, Susan M. “Emily Fisher Landau‟s Fifteen minutes of fame, from Jasper Johns to Andy Warhol, Kiki Smith, and Matthew Barney,” Whitewall, Issue 7, Fall 2007, p. 113.
  Schwabsky, Barry. “The 80s: A Topology. Museu Serralves, Porto, Portugal,” Artforum International XLV No. 10, Summer 2007. p. 489
  Midgette, Anne. “Dangerous Curves Ahead,” Art and Auction, May 2007. p. 181
  Saltz, Jerry. “The Good, the Bad, and the Very Bad,” Flash Art International, Vol. XL, Issue 253, March-April 2007. p. 91-92
  Funcke, Bettina. “Revealed in Reproduction (In the Studio: Christopher Wool),” Tate Etc., Issue 9, Spring 2007, cover, pp. 2-3, 36-41.
  “Er hat sich zum Mittelpunkt der Welt gemacht,” Monopol, March, p.34-49
  Konigsberg, Eric. “For Newcomer, Cash alone is no key to Art World,” The New York Times, Saturday March 3, B4
  Gleadell, Colin. “Roller Coaster Ride,” Art Monthly, No.303, February, p.39
  Johnson, Paddy. “Auction Report: New York,” Flash Art International, Vol. XL, lssue 252, January-February 2007. p. 66-67
  “Make Your Own Life: Artists In and Out of Cologne,” MOCA at the Moment, Spring 2007, p. 1.
  Curiger, Bice. “Retrospectives,” Frieze, Issue 104, January-February, p. 127.
  “Ad Publisher‟s Choice,” Studio Voice, INFAS Publications, Vol. 373, January, 2007, p. 34-35, 64.

2006

• Siegal, Nina. “Artist Dossier: Christopher Wool..” Art + Auction, vol. XXX, no. 3, November 2006. p.183
  Wallach, Amei. “the Provocateur and His Well-Heeled Collaborator,” The New York Times, Sunday, November 12, 2006, Arts, page 31.
  Black Book, no. 47, Oct/Nov 2006, page 69.
  Charlesworth, J.J. “Crossfader: Christopher Wool,” ArtReview, Issue 4, October, p.20
  Sausset, Damien. ³Les enigmes de Christopher Wool². Connaissance des Arts, no. 641, September 2006, pp. 90-95.
  O‟Brien, Glenn. “Sometimes I close my eyes, “ Purple, vol.III, issue 6, Bi-Annual Fall/Winter 2006/07, pp.162-165 (and 409-440).
  Hell, Richard. “What I Would Say If I Were Christopher Wool.” Whitewall, issue 3, Fall 2006, pp. 88-101.
  Herbert, Martin. “Kim Gordon,” Modern Painters, July & August 2006, page 71.
  Sanders, Mark. “Good on Paper.” Another Magazine, 10th Issue, Bi-Annual Spring/Summer 2006: p.126.
  Wool, Christopher. “Art Preview: Christopher Wool recommends an up-and-comer (Joyce Pensato),” Aimeur, Carlos. “El Arte Radical del Ultimo Creador Clasico,” El Mundo, July 4, 2006.
  Berwick, Carly. “Who‟s Up, Who‟s Down On the Contemporary Market,” The New York Sun, May, 8, 2006, page 15.
  Melia, Ventura R. “Christopher Wool: El Postmodernismo no es elfin de Arte, ya Forma Parte de la Historia,” El Mercantil Valenciano. April 7, 2006. p. 62
  “El IVAM acoge la primera retrospective del Americano Christopher Wool en Europa,” Diario de Valencia, April 7, 2006. p. 39
  Moreira, M. “El IVAM Presenta por Primer Vez en Espana la Pintura Subversiva de Christopher Wool,” Comunidad Valencia, April, 2006, p 63
  Prats, J. “EL IVAM Recorre el Universo Iconico de la Obra de Wool,” El Pais, April 2006. p. 49
  Pagel, David. “Around the Galleries: Making a big deal of a minor work,” Los Angeles Times, March 17, 2006.
  Grace, Lygeia. “Not Just for Show.” House and Garden, January 2006, pp. 84-91.
  Eccles, Tom. “Acknowledgments,” Wrestle, Marieluise Hessel Collection, p.23
  Eccles, Tom. “Wrestle,” Wrestle, Marieluise Hessel Collection, p.135 additional pages 74-81
  Richardson, Terry interview with Christopher Wool. “Sometimes I close my eyes,” Purple Fashion,
  Volume III, Issue 6, pp. 162-165. Visual Essay: 409-442.

2005

• Wool, Christopher. Text- Revue 1. October 2005: Cover.
  Cromwell, Wendy. “Restricted Access,” Art on Paper, July/August 2005, Vol. 9, No. 6, page 20.
  Pollack, Lindsay. “A More Democratic Cast.” ArtNews. May/June 2005: p.88.
  Kawachi, Taka. Studio Voice, vol. 352, April 2005: pp.40-41.
  O‟Brien, Glenn. “Art is a Joke.” BlackBook, Spring 2005: pp.82-86.
  Samet, Jennifer Sachs. “Many Styles, Drawn Together.” The New York Sun, 17 February 2005.
  Goodbody, Bridget. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine.” Art on Paper, January/February 2005: p.80.
  “Tipográfica,” NEQ2, 52, (two images) pp. 90-91.

2004

• “The Artists‟ Artists.” Artforum. December 2004, p.76.
  Satterthwaite, Julian, “Wool‟s „Quiet‟ Art Slips into Tokyo,” Daily Yomiuri, “Art,” Thursday December 9, 2004, p. 20
  Saltz, Jerry, “Hard Attack”. The Village Voice, December 8-14, 2004: p. 78.
  “Goings on About Town.” The New Yorker, December 6, 2004: p.33.
  Conti, Andrew. “Artist Christopher Wool Brings a Vision of New York City‟s Streets to Taka Ishii Gallery.” Metropolis Tokyo, December 2004.
  “Christopher Wool,” Gallery, Vol. 236, “Exhibition Spot,” December, 2004, p. 34.
  “Christopher Wool,” Luca, Luca Art Yellow Pages, No. 8, Nov. 2004 – Mar. 2005.
  Rimanelli, David. “East Broadway Breakdown.” Bookforum, issue 3, vol. 11, October/November 2004, p. 50.
  Dannatt, Adrian. “Benedikt Taschen Reveals his Contemporary Art.” THE ART NEWPAPER, No. 151, October 2004, p.32.
  Wool, Christopher. “What‟s so Funny About Contemporary Art?” Artnews, September 2004, volume 103, n. 8: pp.114-117.
  Ebony, David. “Auction Houses in Full Boom.” Art in America, September 2004, no. 8: pp.37-39.
  Good, Regan. “Framing the Future. Shared Passion.” Robb Report Worth, August 2004, volume 13, no. 8: pp.66-72.
  Johnson, Ken. “Wandering the Night Away Along Baleful Streets.” The New York Times, 2 July 2004, E31.
  Pollack, Barbara. “I am the Walrus.” Time Out New York, no. 457, July 1-8, 2004: p.54.
  “I am The Walrus.” The New York Times, Friday June 25, 2004, E33.
  Searle, Adrian. “Northern Lights.” The Guardian, Thursday February 5, 2004.
  “Nyuuyooku to iu Kuukan, Sono Tokuji” (Christopher Wool‟s own New York), Figaro Japan, No. 285, 2004, p. 95

2003

• Brown M., Katrina. “Christopher Wool.” Contemporary, winter 2003, Issue 58: pp.118-121
  Graw, Isabell. “Hot Shots.” Tate Arts and Culture, September/October 2003, issue 7: pp.31-32.
  Bird, Nicky “Christopher Wool.” Art Monthly, no. 266, May 2003: 35-36.
  Conti, Samantha. “G Spot,” W Magazine ,May 200: 198.
  Jeffrey, Moira. “Visions of mean streets.” The Herald, 4 April 2003.
  Allen, Dave and Raimer Stange. “Christopher Wool.” Frieze, issue 74, April 2003, p.94.
  “Christopher Wool at Galerie Max Hetzler, Berlin.” Texte Zur Kunst, March 2003: pp.168-171.
  Williams, Gregory. “The Happy End of Kippenberger‟s America.” Artforum, February 2003: p.101.

2002

• Galanternick, Mery. “Brazil‟s Power Buyer.” Artnews, October 2002: p.78.
  Griffin, Tim. “Time Warp Again: MoMa Queens Location Makes the Past Seem Futuristic”, Time Out New York, 18-25 July 2002: p.77.
  Sartwell, Emma. “Museum Shouldn‟t Apologize For it‟s Provocative Artwork.” The Baltimore Sun, 29 March 2002.
  Hirsch, Arthur. “Drawing a Reaction: A Word‟s Power Is Revealed When It, Alone, Becomes Art.” The Baltimore Sun, 28 January 2002.
  Adler, Dan. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine.” Art in America, no. 1, January 2002: p.107.

2001

• “The Mood Across the Arts Spectrum.” Chicago Tribune, 4 November 2001.
  Thomas Devine, Kelly. “ Aftershocks.” Artnews, November 2001: p.150-155.
  Lehner, Adam. “Moving Pictures: Adam Lehner on the Art in the Aftermath.” Artforum.
  November 2001: pp.35-39.
  McNatt, Glenn. “In a Word, Painting Proves Controversial.” The Baltimore Sun, 22 October 2001.
  Wortech, Edward. “BMA Mistaken in Removing Artwork.” The Baltimore Sun, 1 October 2001.
  Scarcella, Michael. “BMA Pulls Art Bearing word „Terrorist.‟” The Baltimore Sun, 19 September 2001, sec. B:1-14.
  Scarcella, Michael. “Sensitivity Led to Removal of „Terrorist‟ Art, BMA Says.” The Baltimore Sun, 18 September 2001.
  “Snapshots of Grieving Nation.” The Associated Press, 17 September 2001.
  Scott, Andrea K. “Review, Christopher Wool.” Time Out New York, 14 - 21 June 2001: 55.
  Zinnes, Harriet. NY Arts, June 2001: p.85.
  Moreno, Gean. “Mythic Proportions,” Flash Art, May/ June 2001: p.146.
  “Christopher Wool.” The New York Times, 18 May 2001: E29.
  Yablonsky, Linda. “Luhring Augustine Gathers New Wools.” Art and Auction, May 2001: p.217.
  Zoo Magazine 8, March 2001: pp.78-79.

2000

• “Working Proof.” Art on Paper, July/ August 2000: p.55.
  “Marketplace.” Art & Auction,15 April 2000: p.49.
  Moron, Robert C. “Istanbul and the Biennial Paradigm,” NYArts, 2000.

1999

• Mahoney, Robert. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine Gallery.” Contemporanea 21, October 1990: p.101.
  Perrella, Christina. “Istanbul, sull‟onda dell passioni.” Alias, September 1999.
  Hogrefe, Jeffrey. “Who Played the Fool? Young, Art-Thirsty Storm Christie‟s.” The New York Observer, 7 June 1999: p.25.
  Paparoni, Demetrio. “Matissiana.” Tema Celeste , May/ July 1999: p.56 -71.
  Vogel, Carol. “Records Set for 11 Artists in Contemporary Sale.” The New York Times, 20 May 1999, sec. B: 7.
  Mack, Gerhard. “Hommage an Dada und Pop Art.” Art Das Kunstmagazin, April 1999: pp.98-99.
  Johnson, Ken. “Art in Review: Christopher Wool.” The New York Times, 17 March 1999, sec. E: 37.
  “Christopher Wool.” Flash Art, January-February 1999: p.111.
  Thomas, Mary. “Marvelous diversity on display in local art scene.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 23 January 1999, sec. C: 7.
  Rubin, Marilyn McDevitt. “Sunday Brunch with Friends and Sweets.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 3 January, 1999, 14.
  Artforum, January 1999: p.36.

1998

• Artnews (Summer 1998): p.148.
  “Exploiting the Abstract.” Flash Art, Summer 1998: p.63.
  Ferguson, Bruce W. “Christopher Wool.” The Contemporary, Summer 1998: pp.4-6.
  Harvey, Doug. “Christopher Wool.” Art Issues, September/October 1998: p.42.
  Hickey, Dave. “Christopher Wool.” Artforum, October 1998: pp.114-116.
  Johnson, Ken. “Real Stories.” The New York Times, 13 February 1998.
  Knight, Christopher. “Misstep in Mid-Career MOCA Show.” Los Angeles Times, 23 July 1998: 54-56.
  Lewis, Jim. “Wool Power.” Harper‟s Bazaar, August 1998: p.98.
  Myers, Terry R. “The Hawk and the Dove.” LA Weekly, 21-27 August 1998: p.59.
  Neuhoff, Tony. “Christopher Wool.” New Art Examiner, November 1998.
  Rubin, Marilyn McDevitt. “Didn‟t Take Long to Become His Died-in-the-Wool Fan.” Pittsburgh Post- Gazette, 13 December 1998.
  Sevastopoulou, Stella. “Weaving the Wool of the Art World.” 18 August 1998: p.11.
  Shearing, Graham. “Drop Dead.” Pittsburgh Tribune- Review, 29 November 1998.
  Silva, Arturo. “Bless this mess of interconnections.” The Japan Times, 11 January 1998: p.15.
  Shearing, Graham. “Drop Dead.” Pittsburgh Tribune- Review, 29 November 1998.
  “Summer Preview.” Artforum, May 1998: p.51
  Thomas, Mary. “Wool Exhibit Protest Unravels. Christopher Wool gives texture, meaning to writing on the wall.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 November 1998, sec. D: 10.
  “Traveling Exhibitions.” Artforum, September 1998.
  Tribune-Review, 20 December 1998, sec. E, 3.
  Tribune-Review, 31 December 1998: p.13.
  Wakefield, Neville. “Paintings Marked by Confrontation and Restraint.” Elle Decor (February/March 1999): 58.
  Wilson, Ellen S. “Christopher Wool: Painting about Painting.” Carnegie Magazine, November/ December 1998: pp.38-39.

1997

• Liebman, Lisa. ”And Cool Off Here.” Interview, June 1997: p.68.
  Smith, Roberta. “On the History of Cool, A Show is Hip to America.” The New York Times, 17 August 1997, 35.
  Smith, Roberta. “Art in Review: Christopher Wool.” New York Times, 21 November 1997, E, 43.
  Schwendener, Martha. “Christopher Wool.” Time Out New York, 18 December 1997: p.46. Testino, Mario. “Chic.” Visionaire, no. 22, September 1997.

1996

• Temin, Christine. “Thank you, PaineWebber.” The Boston Globe, 14 March 1996.
  Westerbeck, Colin. “Christopher Wool at Robbin Lockett Gallery.” Artforum 25, September 1986: p.139.

1995

• Ardenne, Paul. “Christopher Wool at Galerie Samia Saouma.” Artpress, no. 207, November 1995: pp.66-67.
  Decter, Joshua. “Reviews: Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine Gallery.” Artforum 34, September 1995: p.89.
  Guequierre, Nathan. “Slavishly Hip, Strangely Satisfying.” Shepherd Express, 12 October 1995.
  Heartney, Eleanor. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine Gallery.” Art in America 83, December 1995: p.90
  Relyea, Lane. “967-Wool.” Frieze, no. 20, January/February 1995: pp.41-43.
  Vannucci, Delfina. “Wallpaper As Wall Hanging.” Public News, 29 November 1995: pp.12-13.

1994

• Messler, Norbert. “Christopher Wool.” Kunstforum International 125, January/February 1994: p.350.
  Princenthal, Nancy. “Artist‟s Book Beat.” The Print Collector‟s Newsletter, vol. XXV, no. 4,
  September/October 1994: pp.151-152.

1993

• Avgikos, Jan. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine Gallery.” Artforum 31, January 1993: p.83.
  Bass, Ruth. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine Gallery.” ARTnews 92, January 1993: pp.140, 143.
  Myles, Eileen. “Prints of Woods.” The Print Collector‟s Newsletter, vol. XXIV, no. 4, September/ October 1993: pp.132-135.
  “New of the Print World: People & Places.” The Print Collector‟s Newsletter, no. 2, vol. XXIV, May/ June 1993: p.58.
  Ribettes, Jean-Michel. “Collections: Untitled.” Galleries Magazine, no. 54 (April/ May 1993): 90-97.
  Smith, Roberta. “A Remembrance of Whitney Biennials Past.” The New York Times, 28 February 1993, 1, 31.

1992

• Diederichsen, Diedrich. “Here Is Something You Can‟t Understand.” Parkett, no. 33, Fall 1992: pp.108-115.
  Fleck, Robert. “Spielholle: Asthetik und Gewalt.” Rogue Magazine, no.16, December/ January 1992: pp.17-32.
  Graw, Isabelle. “Christopher Wool at Gisela Capitain.” Flash Art, no. 25, October 1992: pp.106-107.
  Hixson, Kathryn. “Dirty Data: Irrevererent Wunderkammer.” Flash Art, vol. XXV, no. 166, October 1992: p.95.
  Kunz, Martin. “USA - Blickpunkt Eastcoast. Neue Leitsterne - neue Wertungen.” Kunstforum International, no. 119: p.170-171.
  Lewis, Jim. “Cave Canem.” Parkett, no. 33, Fall 1992: p.78-85.
  Levin, Kim. “Voice Choices: Christopher Wool.” Village Voice, 3 November 1992: p.79.
  Marcus, Griel. “Wool‟s Word Paintings.” Parkett, no. 33, Fall 1992: p.86-92.
  Morgan, Stuart. “Documenta IX:Three Perspectives Body Language.” Frieze, issue 6, September/
  October 1992: p.28-34
  Perrone, Jeff. “In the Shadow of Painting.” Parkett, no. 33, Fall 1992: p.100-107. Politi, Giancarlo. “Bonito Oliva, Documenta, and the Biennial.” Flash Art, vol. XXV, no.166, October 1992: p.87- 89.
  “Prints & Photographs Published.” Print Collector‟s Newsletter, no. 6, January/ February 1992: p.215.
  Saltz, Jerry. “Lufthansa Was Half The Fun.” Galeries, no. 50, August/ September 1992: pp.77- 79, 88.
  Smith, Roberta. “From New York Painters, Work That Takes Time.” The New York Times, 1 May 1992, C31.
  Tully, Judd. “Impressionist, Modern and Contemporary Sales.” Art & Auction, November 1992: p.125.
  Wool, Christopher. New Art Examiner 19, January 1992: Cover.

1991

• Dubrow, Norman. “The Neo Tendencies of the Late 1980s.” Drawing, March/ April 1991: p.124.
  Ermen, Reinhard. “Christopher Wool.” Kunstforum International, July/August 1991: pp.357-358.
  Ferguson, Bruce W. “Patterns of Intent.” Artforum 30, September 1991: p.95-98.
  Johnson, Ken. “Vogue Arts.” Vogue, August 1991: p.142-150, 222.
  Johnson, Ken. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine.” Art in America 79 (October 1991). p.143.
  Larson, Kay. “The Subplot Thickens.” New York Magazine, May 27, 1991: pp.67-68.
  Levin, Kim. “Voice Choices: Christopher Wool.” Village Voice, 15 May 1991: pp.104-105.
  Messler, Norbert. “Christopher Wool.” NOEMA, April 1991: p.78.
  Myers, Terry R. “New York Review: Christopher Wool.” Arts Magazine 66, September 1991: p.76.
  Van der Ploeg, Kees. “Christopher Wool: The Complexity of Form and Meaning.” Flash Art, no. 157, March/April 1991: p.94-96.
  Wagemans, Fred. “Christopher Wool...different voices in a room.” Metropolis M, no. 2, April 1991: p.28-30.

1990

• Borum, Jenifer P. “Christopher Wool at Luhring Augustine Gallery.” Artforum 29 (November1990): pp.166-167.
  Caldwell, John. “Christopher Wool, New York.” Noema (May/June 1990): pp.35-38.
  Cameron, Dan. “Unfixed States: Notes on Christopher Wool‟s New Editions.” Print Collector‟s Newsletter, no.21 (March/April 1990): pp.13-15.
  Faust, Wolfgang Max. “Wenn Woerter sich zu Bildern fuegen.” Art, November 1990: pp.80-95.
  Jan, Alferd. “Audience Response to „New Work: A New Generation‟.” Visions, Summer 1990: pp.24-26.
  Marta, Karen. “A Conversation with Jutta Koether, Karen Marta and Christopher Wool.” NOEMA,
  May/June 1990: pp.35-38.
  Raynor, Vivien. “Medium and Message Blend in „Language and Art‟ Aldrich.” The New York Times, 4 November 1990, sec. C: 26.

1989

• Artnerer, Alan G. “Renaissance show a challenging trilogy.” Chicago Tribune, 7 April 1989, sec. 7: p.48.
  Baker, Kenneth. “S.F. Museum Show Toys with „Art‟.” San Francisco Chronicle, 22 February 1989 , sec. C: 3.
  Cotter, Holland. “A Bland Biennial.” Art In America, September 1989: p.87.
  Decter, Joshua. “Christopher Wool.” Arts Magazine 63, February 1989: p.104
  Koether, Jutta. “Christopher Wool at Galerie Max Hetzler, Cologne.” Flash Art, no. 149,
  November/December 1989: p.147.
  Liu, Catherine. “Christopher Wool: At the Limits of Image Making and Meaning Production.” Flash Art, no. 145 (March/ April 1989): p.106.
  Messler, Norbert. “Christopher Wool at Gisela Capitain.” Artscribe International, no. 74, March/April, 1989: p.87.
  Parkett, no. 22, December 1989: insert, p.112-128.
  Smith, Roberta. “More Women and Unknowns in the Whitney Biennial.” The New York Times, 28 April 1989, sec. C: 32
  Solnit, Rebecca. “One-Liner Invitations to Theory.” Artweek 20, 26 August 1989: p.7.
  The Print Collector‟s Newsletter, no.5, vol. XX, November/ December 1989.
  Van Nieuwenhuyzen, Martijn. “Horn of Plenty.” Flash Art, March/ April 1989: p.102.
  Von Kunstadt, Theodor. “The 1989 Whitney Biennial.” Flash Art, Summer 1989: p.139.

1988

• Evans, Steven. “Robert Gober and Christopher Wool.” Artscribe International, no. 72
  November/December 1988: p.80.
  Journal Of Contemporary Art, vol. 1, 2 November 1988: p.7-15.
  Robbins, David. “Information as Ornament.” Feature (July 1988).
  Saltz, Jerry. “This is the End: Christopher Wool‟s Apocalypse Now.” Arts Magazine 63, September 1988: p.19- 20

1987

• “Chronicle in Black and White.” Village Voice, 31 March 1987: p.89.
  Gardner, Colin. “The Art Galleries.” Los Angeles Times, 7 August 1987, part VI: p.16.
  Knight, Christopher. Los Angeles Herald, 31 July 1987.
  Smith, Roberta. “Where to see the Newest of the New American Art.” The New York Times, 1 May 1987.

1986

• “Art: Christopher Wool.” Village Voice, 25 February 1986: p.68.
  Artner, Alan G. “New Antiques: Christopher Wool.” Chicago Tribune, 23 May 1986, sec. 7: p.45.
  Bulka, Michael. “Christopher Wool at Robbin Lockett Gallery.” New Art Examiner 13, Summer 1986: p.46.
  Lurie, David. “Art Reviews: Christopher Wool.” Arts Magazine 60, April 1986: p.133.

1985

• Indiana, Gary. “The Age of Silver.” The Village Voice, 17 December 1985, p.107.

1984

• Smith, Roberta. “Around Town.” The Village Voice, 4 September 1984.

1983

• Cohen, Ronnie. “Group Show: Delahunty.” Art News, September 1983.
  Glueck, Grace. “Reviews: Big American Figure Drawings.” The New York Times, 18 March 1983.